IMPACT OF TOURISM ( SABAH )

Sabah, at the northern tip of Borneo, has perhaps the most varied topography of the whole island, including the highest mountain between Himalayas and New Guinea, probably the best mangrove stand in Malaysia, and some of the most spectacular coral reefs in the world.At 73,620 sq. Sabah is about the same size as Ireland, and is the second Largest of Malaysia’s thirteen states. Its, 1440 km heavily indented coastline is fringed by three seas: the south China sea to the west, the Sulu sea to the north east and the Celebes Sea to the south east.Sabah is a picturesque state of Malaysia; one of the thirteen that make up the whole country. This eastern most state is best known for its natural tropical beauty, a far reaching history and its art culture. Surprisingly, it is also known as the land below the wind, because of its closeness to the typhoon region of Philippines. Over the years, the popularity of this beautiful place has risen drastically, especially since people are looking for newer places to enjoy their vacations.

The flora and fauna of this beautiful state is no different to that of a tropical paradise. The western part of it mainly consists of mountains with forest vegetation but the elevation is not too high. The mountains are also home to kinabalu National park that is host to an array of wild animals in rainforests. The park has a unique geographical advantage such that a huge mix of plants exists in the region and is therefore also a world heritage site. The mountains also give way to a number of small and medium sized rivers and streams that snake their way towards the sea. This abundance of fresh water makes the region extremely fertile and keeps things is flow. The greenery and the wilderness attract thousands of tourists around the world.Away from the forests and historical places are the main metropolitan areas that are filled with shopping plazas and retail stores. Foreign brands and businesses have their shops here too, so any visitors or the residents do not have any inconvenience. Wide highways and clean roads make everything very appealing to the eyes. For those people, who especially want to make this place their home, beautiful neighborhoods are constructed near blue coastal areas making it a dream life for anyone.

The beautiful Kota Kinabalu City is one such example that is filled with constructions that people can ready by to settle in. Not only are complete villas and homes available, but also apartments and condos located near the coast line.Besides residential beaches, special tourist beaches are also developed with a wide number of restaurants there to cater to different people. A lot of these are also located quite away from the city traffic to give it a more natural look. 

Economic impact

As for the case of Sabah, responsible tourism is considered as the catalyst for sustainable development of rural tourism industry; it provides the means for poverty eradication by widening the distribution of tourism economic benefits by including the interior communities, in particular. The key objectives of responsible tourism applicable in Sabah, include: The key objectives of responsible tourism applicable in Sabah, include:

*     To protect the environment – makes positive contributions to the conservation of natural heritage (flora, fauna and landscapes), maintaining the world’s diversity.

*     To respect local cultures – traditions, religions and built heritage, minimising negative economic, environmental and social impacts as a result of tourism development in rural areas.

*  To benefit local communities – involves local people in decisions that affect them both economically and socially. By adapting the ‘Fair Trade’ principles, it generates sustainable economic benefits to the local communities, enhances their well-being and improves their accessibility to the tourism industry.

*  To conserve natural resources – better management of tourism destinations, efficient use of tourism resources and improved working conditions through effective training.

*   To minimise pollution – reduction of noise, waste disposal and congestion, application of green technology and educating visitors about the local environment and its issues.

Environmental impact

Developing a tourism industry has both benefits and costs. However, if these impacts are understood from the views of tourism stakeholders, strengths and opportunities can be maximised while weaknesses and threats can be minimised. 

Firstly, the impacts of tourism on environmental attributes such coral reefs, water, fisheries and beaches are discussed briefly. The impacts of tourism towards environmental attributes range derives from tourism activities such as boating, snorkelling, diving and fishing. Improper and irresponsible behaviour of tourist is also believed to be a significant reason that contributes to detrimental effects on the environmental attributes. The different mindset of tourist derives from the different level of environmental literacy that they have. The concept environmental literacy that consists of not only knowledge on the environment and its issues but also includes disposition components of attitudes, sensitivity and motivation are discussed thoroughly. Intention to act or intended behaviour that is explored in this paper would be the concept of willingness to pay for the environmental attributes. The tourism industry in Sabah, home to some of the best diving and snorkelling sites in the world, is suffering. The four kidnapping incidents since the beginning of the year and the recent murder of a policeman have forced the authorities to impose a curfew off the waters of Sabah. Since the disappearance of MH 370 until the end of April, MAS has cut 10 flights from Shanghai to Sabah, while China Southern Airlines has cancelled 22 flights from Shenzhen and Chinese budget carrier Spring Airlines has axed 44 flights from Shanghai, according to reports.

Further falls in tourist arrivals and revenue may bring the industry to a near-collapse situation. Daniel Dougty, the immediate past president of Sabah Tourist Guides Association, says it is difficult to quantify how much Sabah tourism has been hit but tourism industry players like hotel operators, tour agencies and tourist guides are struggling. A number of tourist guides in Sabah have either changed carrier or are working part-time in another industry to supplement their income. Tour agencies have started selling their assets to stay afloat and many are contemplating closing their businesses.

IMPACT OF TOURISM (KUALA LUMPUR)

Tourism is one of the largest and most important industries today. It developed after the decline of manufacturing and several other industries, which were previously monopolized by the world's economic and social system. With development, tourism destinations should be more creative and unique, in order to produce a competitive tourism destination.

Kuala Lumpur, the capital and largest city of Malaysia, is called KL by locals. Its modern skyline is dominated by the 451m-tall Petronas Twin Towers, a pair of glass-and-steel-clad skyscrapers with Islamic motifs. The towers also offer a public skybridge and observation deck. The city is also home to British colonial-era landmarks such as the Kuala Lumpur Railway Station and the Sultan Abdul Samad Building. Kuala Lumpur has its own landmark which will be recognize by other countries around the world by the Petronas Twin Towers. Petronas Twin Tower World's tallest twin towers and third and fourth tallest singular towers, standing adjacent to one of the busiest shopping malls in Kuala Lumpur, Suria KLCC. As we all know, Kuala Lumpur most famous and busiest place would be at the Golden Triangle (Bukit Bintang and Imbi) which is Kuala Lumpur's busiest commercial district containing five-star hotels, restaurants to high-end shopping malls.

Other than that, the major tourist destinations in Kuala Lumpur include the Merdeka Square, the House of Parliament, the Petaling Street, the National Palace (Istana Negara), the Kuala Lumpur Tower, the National Museum, the Central Market, Kuala Lumpur City Gallery, the National Monument, and religious sites such as the Jamek Mosque and Batu Caves. Kuala Lumpur plays host too many cultural festivals such as the Thaipusam procession at the Sri Mahamariamman Temple. Every year during the Thaipusam celebration, a silver chariot carrying the statue of Lord Muruga together with his consort Valli and Teivayanni would be paraded through the city beginning at the temple all the way to the Batu Caves.

ECONOMIC IMPACT

Kuala Lumpur and its surrounding urban areas form the most industrialised and economically, the fastest growing region in Malaysia. Despite the relocation of federal government administration to Putrajaya, certain government institutions such as Bank Negara Malaysia (National Bank of Malaysia), Companies Commission of Malaysia and Securities Commission as well as most embassies and diplomatic missions have remained in the city.

In so far as Kuala Lumpur is the capital of the nation, its economic catchments encompass the entire country. The present range of human activities in the City, its infrastructure and buildings, its parks and monuments, its spectrum of social, spiritual, recreational and entertainment facilities, and its concentration of governmental and nongovernmental institutions, are manifestations of the City’s function as the capital of the nation. With the relocation of federal government administrative functions to Putrajaya, some diminution of this role is likely to be felt, but the City will remain the economic and business centre of the country.

The city remains as the economic and business centre of the country. Kuala Lumpur is a centre for finance, insurance, real estate, media and the arts of Malaysia. Kuala Lumpur is rated as an alpha world city, and is the only global city in Malaysia, according to the Globalization and World Cities Study Group and Network (GaWC).The infrastructure development in the surrounding areas such as the Kuala Lumpur International Airport at Sepang, the creation of the Multimedia Super Corridor and the development of Port Klang further reinforce the economic significance of the city.

At the same time, Kuala Lumpur and its conurbation (KLC) or more known as metropolitan cities form a region is the most industrialized and economically the fastest growing in the country. Furthermore, the development of the KLIA at Sepang and the creation of the MSC, which includes Putrajaya and Cyberjaya, and the expansion of Port Klang have reinforced the national and international economic significance of the City.

As an international business centre, Kuala Lumpur vies with cities such as Singapore, Bangkok, Manila and Hong Kong for primary position in the Asia Pacific Region. In realizing its vision to become A World-Class City, Kuala Lumpur must address the regional, national and international perspectives, embrace the opportunities presented and define its specific role.

ENVIRONMENT IMPACT

In related with the Urban tourism, It is significant to comprehend and understand that although tourism has enhanced the economics level of Kuala Lumpur tourism, the value of environment are also one of  the important things that should be consider. The entry of large number of tourists to nature areas could damage the natural resources in the areas. The presence of tourists in an area of tourism, create demand for infrastructure such as water, electricity, telecommunications, accommodation, and so on. To meet these demands, a lot of land have to be sacrificed. Constructions of these facilities involve uncontrolled exploration of land, resulting in ecological disruption, such as the destruction of flora and fauna habitats, water pollution and changes in soil nutrients.

The development of other economic sectors in the urban tourism had bring about the development and the enhancement of the urbanization. As stated, by unplanned development of tourist areas contributes to degradation in environmental quality such as deterioration of water quality, air, noise and damage to natural sources. Air pollution is caused by exploration of land, motor vehicles and open burning. It consists of fumes, dust and poisonous gases, which affects the health of tourists and locals, as well as flora and fauna in the long run. Water pollution occurs from improper treatment of waste disposal directly into the drainage system. Besides that, water pollution in coastal waters are due to pollution in rivers through agricultural activities, industrial and domestic sewage from human activities.

However, development of tourists areas are essential in attracting tourists, therefore, development in these areas are unavoidable. Meanwhile, the good and systematic transportation links are factors attracting tourists to a destination, factors of time and their knowledge about places. Besides that, the selection of tourist destination, they are based on beautiful beaches, easy and convenient for a picnic and a stroll, availability of facilities such as accommodation, food stalls, recreational activities, public toilets, shower and dressing rooms and parking. All this indicates that besides the nature itself, other supporting factors such as facilities, accommodation and transportation are essential in attracting tourists.

IMPACT OF TOURISM(KELANTAN)

 

Sultan Muhammad II founded the city of Kota Bharu on the banks of the Kelantan River in 1884. Kota Bharu and the Balai Besar Palace then flourished to become the administrative centre for Kelantan. Needing an ally in the face of the British attacks, Kelantan had to send annual gifts of gold to Siam as a token of their protection against the British. The signing of the Bangkok Treaty in 1909 however ended this practice. Instead, Kelantan and other Malay states of the east-coast of Malaysia were placed under the British governance until independence in 1957.

Kota Bharu was declared as a "Kota Budaya"(Cultural City) by Sultan Ismail Petra on 25th July 1991. The declaration was made on the basis of two important aspects, namely the history of Kota Bharu and the unique local cultures. A cultural zone, which is located around the Balai Besar Palace, has been identified and gazetted by the Kota Bharu Municipal Council for urban conservation. Important tourist attractions in the city include the Balai Besar Palace, Jahar Palace, Batu Palace (Royal Museum), War Museum, Muhammadi State Mosque, Handicraft Village, Bank Pitis, Padang Merdeka (Independence Field), Tambatan Diraja (Royal Gate), Bank Negara and Buluh Kubu Bazaar. Other tourist attractions in Kota Bharu include the Batik and Songket Centre, Silverware Centre and the Buluh Kubu Market, where the majority of the sellers are female. To date, Kota Bharu has received two prestigious awards. The National Land of Japan had selected Kota Bharu and 8 other cities around the world as "The City of Cultural Heritage". The recognition was given on the basis of local traditions, unique local cultures and tourist destinations. The Ministry of Culture, Arts and Tourism Malaysia has awarded Kelantan as the "Best Tourism City" in 1993. The selection was based upon factors of tourist arrivals, conservation activities and shopping facilities.

SOCIAL-CULTURAL IMPACT

The socio-cultural impacts of tourism in Kelantan are the effects on host communities of direct and indirect relations with tourists, and of interaction with the tourism industry. For a variety of reasons, host communities often are the weaker party in interactions with their guests and service providers, leveraging any influence they might have. These influences are not always apparent, as they are difficult to measure, depend on value judgments and are often indirect or hard to identify.

The impacts arise when tourism brings about changes in value systems and behaviour and thereby threatens indigenous identity. Furthermore, changes often occur in community structure, family relationships, collective traditional life styles, ceremonies and morality. But tourism in Kelantan also generate positive impacts as it can serve as a supportive force for peace, foster pride in cultural traditions and help avoid urban relocation by creating local jobs. As often happens when different cultures meet, socio-cultural impacts are ambiguous: the same objectively described impacts are seen as beneficial by some groups, and are perceived as negative or as having negative aspects by other stakeholders.

Kelantan also is known as the cradle of Malay culture based on the diverse cultural activities practised by Kelantanese. Among the popular cultural practices are Dikir Barat, Wayang Kulit Kelantan, Wayang Kulit Melayu, Mak Yong, Menora, Main Puteri, Wau Bulan (kite-flying), Gasing (top-spinning), Silat, bird-singing competition and handicrafts.Among the handicraft products that are songket, batik, silverware and mengkuang. The Kandis Recource Centre provides information on the Kelantanese wood carving.

ECONOMIC IMPACT

Kelantan has a chiefly agrarian economy dominated by rice, rubber and tobacco. Fishing along its 96-kilometre coastline is also an important economic activity. Cottage industries which employ traditional skills in handicraft production such as batik, woodcarving and songket weaving are also evident. Logging activities are active given the vast remaining area of forest. In recent years, tourism, especially to offshore islands, has increased in importance. A few reputable hotels have been established and more modern shopping malls have been opened to cater for urban folks. Kota Bharu, the capital, is the major urban centre, and there are also plans to open up the southern portion of the state under an ambitious multi-million-dollar development project. The main market at the city centre is a top attraction. Kelantan has a GDP per capita in 2006 at RM7,985, which is about a fraction that of other richer states like Selangor and Penang. Kelantan has become the first state to introduce the gold dinar and silver dirham as official currency.

Then, Rantau Panjang (Majlis Daerah Pasir Mas), Pengakalan Kubur (Majlis Daerah Tumpat) and Bukit Bunga (Majlis Daerah Tanah Merah). Third - three border cities such as stated in the National Urbanization Policy (NUP) is the focus of the business activity for tourists visiting the state of Kelantan. Thus, indirectly making as a leading business tourism location in the state of Kelantan as Padang Besar in Perlis Indera Kayangan and Bukit Kayu Hitam in Kedah Darul Aman.

Moreover, the information obtained will be used as a basis for evaluating the border town which impact economically feasible with the arrival of tourists to the area. The border town will represents of Kelatan to compete with Padang Besar in Perlis and Kedah Bukit Kayu Hitam, all adjacent to Narathiwat province in southern Thailand will be developed with more vibrant intended to promote tourist arrivals thereby improving the economic status of the local people, the state and the nation.

ENVIRONMENT IMPACT

The quality of the environment, both natural and man-made, is essential to tourism. However, tourism's relationship with the environment is complex. It involves many activities that can have adverse environmental effects. Many of these impacts are linked with the construction of general infrastructure. The negative impacts of tourism development can gradually destroy the environmental resources on which it depends.

On the other hand, tourism has the potential to create beneficial effects on the environment by contributing to environmental protection and conservation. It is a way to raise awareness of environmental values and it can serve as a tool to finance protection of natural areas and increase their economic importance.

Kelantan is witnessing a rapid growth in the vicinity of urban cities with the construction of large engineering structures (e.g. towers, factories, high-rise condominiums, wide-span bridges, roads and airports, and of tourism facilities, including resorts, hotels, restaurants, shops, golf courses and marinas and highways) to meet the requirement for the nation's economic growth, societal activities and the aspirations of its population. This urbanization is the increase over time in the population of cities in relation to the regions rural population. The growth of cities is frequently implicated in concerns about environmental deterioration.

Almost half of the world's population currently lives in urban areas, and for the foreseeable future, urbanization will increase. What is more, urban growth and population growth generally - in developing countries will outpace that in industrialized countries. These urban areas, whether small towns or megacities, each develop an environmental footprint. Although there are important regional differences in the level and trend of urbanization, city growth has proceeded steadily throughout the developing world.

Moreover, many policy makers, government officials, and the like have a negative view of urbanization, who see urban growth as problematic. Environmental concerns would serve to reinforce these overall urban growth concerns. Yet, there is a positive association of urbanization and urban economic development with overall economic growth. However, the rapid rise of urbanization has giving more impacts into forest area. Environmental impacts from deforestation such as slope erosion, mass movements, sediment yield and decreasing water quality may be expected in the continuous development of the urbanization. Right now, researcher more concentrates the effect of urbanization in Kelantan and its decreasing of forest area or knowing as deforestation.

IMPACT OF TOURISM (PENANG)

Penang is located at the Northwest coast of Peninsular Malaysia by the Straits of Malacca. It is the second smallest state in Malaysia right after Perlis. The name Penang is actually derived from a tree called Pokok Pinang that is widely found along the sea side of Penang Island. Generally the state of Penang could be sub divided into two geographies; the Penang Island and also the Seberang Perai. Penang which is widely made out of hilly topography has a limited low land area for development hence the land reclamation project near the coastal area.

Penang Island is indeed filled with abundant of cultures and traditions that many other places in Malaysia is definitely lack off. The culture and heritage sites at these beautiful places are still intact and maintained to perfection. Tourism undeniably has change the way of life for the Penang sites vastly.

Penang incorporates modernity with a touch of traditions and old world charm that is sure to captivates the heart of many tourists and travelers alike. With George Town which was recently listed as a UNESCO World Cultural Heritage Site makes visiting Penang an even more eventful trip. Penang also entices the tourists with its rich and plentiful scrumptious cuisines and mouth-watering food. Home to the Baba Nyonya descendants, this beautiful state is also rich with cultures and traditions all living harmoniously under the one same roof!

Penang is labelled as one of the leading destination in the country today and many tourists who visited Malaysia would definitely anticipate the visit to this site. The main reason why Penang has been where it is today is mainly because it also has a better and more developed infrastructure than most of the other places in the country.

There are two stadiums located at Penang for the convenience of the locals as well as to attract tourists and outsiders to take part in any sports event over here. The City Stadium or more commonly known as Stadium Bandaraya Pulau Pinang is the first and oldest stadium which is still in use up till today. It was built by the British in 1932 and ever since then had become a popular spot for any football matches. The other stadium mentioned is the Penang State Stadium. This newly completed stadium back at the year 2000 has a capacity of 40, 000 spectators.

The next cutting edge design infrastructure built in Penang is none other than the Geodesic Dome located at Komtar. This progressive and advance looking dome is a multipurpose hall used for official functions, performances, state's events and many other event purposes.

In terms of highways infrastructure, Penang is certainly quite commendable as well. Highways such as the Bayan Lepas Elevated Highway, Jelutong Expressway and Butterworth Outer Ring Road are the few expressways constructed for the convenience of the automobile users. Penang international airport (PEN) is the main airport for the northern region of Peninsular Malaysia. At present, the airlines flying to the Penang International Airport includes AirAsia, Cathay Pacific, China Airlines, Firefly, Jetstar Asia, China Southern Airlines, Kartika Airlines, Lion Air, Malaysia Airlines, Silkair, Singapore Airlines, Sriwijaya Air, Thai Airways and Tiger Airways. This airport is also known as the fourth biggest airport in Malaysia after KLIA, Kota Kinabalu International Airport and Kuching International Airport. It has also been awarded as the Airport of the Year for 2009 Frost and Sullivan Asia Pacific Aerospace and Defence for airports for the category of below 15-million-passenger.

ECONOMIC IMPACT

"Without tourism, the economy would be stagnant." "With the existence of tourism in Penang, there are many top notch facilities and infrastructures such as the better public transportation system and the Penang stadium." For some there was a sense of certainty about the likelihood of tourism flourishing in this state. With so many demands from tourists all over the world, regardless of domestic or international, many believed that tourism was expected to take place whether or not local residents desired it.

The Swettenham Cruise Terminal which was recently redevelopment has added an extra entry point into the island. Based on the statistic from Penang Economics Monthly April 2010 Issue 4.10, it states that in year 2009, a total of 680, 000 cruise passengers are recorded to have arrived in Penang. It has been estimated that this year at least 890, 000 numbers of tourists will turn up. "The average cruise passenger spends anywhere between US$85 (RM280) to US$115 (RM350) a day when they come on land. That's not bad considering they are in Penang for less than 12 hours.

Another factor that contributes to Penang's thriving economic from the tourism sector is no doubt the Tourism Malaysia's active 'courtship' of the Middle Eastern market. It has been clear that 11th September incidence is a significant factor influencing the increase of Middle Eastern tourist arrivals to Malaysia. There are however other factors such as tourist expenses in Malaysia, tourist income, travelling expenses and the standard of living in this country that affect vastly on the number of tourists arrivals as well. The most direct effects occur within the primary tourism sectors --lodging, restaurants, transportation, amusements, and retail trade.

This clearly shows us that tourism the main the effect of this Multiplier theory where with tourism it brings about the development of other industries as well such as restaurants, shopping malls, and theme parks.

However there are still numerous negative impacts of tourism for Penang Island. For one, a country that relies on tourism industry alone as their main source of revenue could be risky and dangerous. Economic dependence should always be versatile and all-rounded in order for a state to prosper and flourish. This is because tourism business is very seasonal. During peak season, tourist arrivals will increase tremendously especially during the year end period. Conversely the number of tourist will dropped drastically during off-peak season. And this can post immerse danger to the state's well-being as it might create a high rate of unemployment.

ENVIRONMENT IMPACT

It is important to understand that although tourism has boosted the economics of Penang vastly but one shall never forget on the value of the environment and natural habitat of the very island. Land is a very scarce resource in Penang Island. This is mainly due to the fact that Penang is largely made up of hilly topography and most of the low land area has already been accommodated and developed.

The efforts at industrialization and the development of other economic sectors had bring about the improvement of the state's urbanization. Unfortunately this had also caused greater pressure on the land usage. As a result, the Government act upon on the land reclamation as a solution but it is still not enough to satisfy the high demand for land in the island. At present, many developers have already resort to the remaining hill land and also the reclamation area on the island for their next huge projects-one of the highest proportions of leisure-based services anywhere in South East Asia. Promising as it may seem, this project which is to be built on the 338 acres of reclaimed land along Penang's eastern coastline will majorly impact on the condition and status of the island's wellbeing. To begin with, placing fill in a reclamation area could disturb the water quality of the adjoining sea as well as threatening the flourishing existence of fish stocks and habitats found in coastal seas and connecting lochs and lagoons.

Another example of project built without the heed and consideration of the environmental issues would be the Tanjung Bungah suburb which is situated between Georgetown and Batu Ferringhi. This village was built at the hill land areas which could post many dangers to the environment and also on the inhabitants over there. "There are many environment risk by project at hill site areas in Tanjung Bungah, Batu Ferringhi." Tanjung Bungah used to be a peaceful village only lodged by small groups of families and fishermen. However over the years, many huge corporate chose this very spot to build commercial buildings for tourism purposes. Example of these recreational structures includes the Tanjung Bungah Floating Mosque and also the Penang Water Sport Centres. Hence, the quality of the sea water deteriorates due to the discharge of raw sewage and the resulting pollution makes it a breeding ground for jelly fish. As a result, the sea all along the northern belt is no longer suitable for swimming anymore.

Penang Hill which is another famous tourist destination spot is an example of tourism development at hill land area. Located high above the land, Penang Hill is perfect as a holiday sanctuary due to the breezy and cooler environment. The state Government permitted this development because it brings forth higher monetary and fiscal policy to the state's economy. In the event of heavy rainfall, such as that which coincided with Tropical Storm Ryan on 18 September 1995, landslips and landslides would occur. In fact, a total of about 60 landslides were reported along roads on Penang Hill and its vicinity after the heavy rainfall during the above storm." This clearly shows that without a proper planning and preparation, many inadvertent events might occur.

Paya Terubong used to be a predominantly agriculture area. As the years gone by, it slowly turns into a working-class neighbourhood in the central part of Penang Island. Landslides not only harm the residents of an area but, in fact, it post tremendous dangers to motorists as well. In addition, it might pollute the river and in long-term run, may results in flood at low land area. The massive expansion project at Paya Terubong is the most apparent example of hill land development at Penang which is rather an impulsive and foolish action. The project which mostly accentuate on housing, infrastructure and a new township is actually one of the main tourist attraction at Penang Island at current. According to the Malaysian Law however, hill land with slopes of more than 20 degrees should be safeguard and conserved in its natural state, generally as a forest reserves. "According to the Consumer Association of Penang, the Paya Terubong housing project is an invitation to a disaster, possibly comparing the Majestic Heights as similar to the Highland Towers which collapsed in 1993.

For the impact of tourism on Penang Island, tourism has indefinitely brought about many changes to the used-to-be-peaceful island. The most apparent changes would definitely be on the environment of the island. Noted as one of the best and most relaxing destination in Malaysia, Penang was once a very serene and calming place to holiday at. Currently however, many unplanned and unorganized development had cause many environment degradation.

In terms of state's economic, there is no doubt that tourism plays a major role in sustaining the monetary of the country. Tourism brings positive impact on economy by providing more job employment for the local peoples. With proper action and care from the Government and the residents of the state. Penang will definitely continue to flourish and blossom into a more majestic and magnificent state in Malaysia!

IMPACT OF TOURISM ( MALACCA )

Malacca is the third smallest Malaysian state after Perlis and Penang. It is located in the southern region of the Malay Peninsula, next to the Straits of Malacca and Muar the Royal City. It borders Negeri Sembilan to the north and Johor to the south. The capital is Malacca City, which is 148 kilometres (92 miles) south east of Malaysia’s capital city Kuala Lumpur, 235 kilometres (146 miles) northwest of Johor’s largest city Johor Bahru, and 95km (59 miles) northwest of Johor’s second largest city, Batu Pahat. This historical city centre has been listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 7 July 2008.

Tourism is a booming industry in Malacca which leads to the benefit of the business communities, such as hotels, cafes, restaurants, bars and shops. It is a popular travel destination for Singaporeans during the weekends. Malacca have many tourist attractions like A Famosa Fort, Jonker Walk, Taming Sari Tower and others. Tourism helps to create employment and business opportunity in the most visited region in personal property. Positive effects on income will receive by both investors and employees in the industry. Effects of multiplication happen when tourists consume, government infrastructural investment and the purchasing power created by the enlargement income. In addition, foreign exchange for the receiving countries can be achieved from the exportation branch of international tourism. Although Malacca has many placed that suit for tourism, but Malacca also have certain impact on tourism like economic impact, environment impact and others.

              

ECONOMIC IMPACT

The economy of Malacca dated back more than 500 years ago due to its strategic location as the center for spice trade and its importance which influence the colonial countries to engage wars to control it. Malacca has adopted as its slogan “Visiting Malacca Means Visiting Malaysia”. Industrial areas are centred along the edges of the city proper in suburbs which include Batu Berendam, Cheng, Ayer Keroh and Taman Tasik Utama. While outside Malacca City, industrial areas include Alor Gajah. On 21 October 2010 an event was held to announce that Malacca had met the benchmark of ‘Developed State’ as set out by OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development and a declaration of ‘Melaka Maju 2010’ was made by Malaysian Prime Minister Najib Abd Razak.

There are different factors that pose negative economic impacts on tourism, in case where tourists don't respect the traditions, culture or local life style of tourist destination, or seasonal jobs such as people are only employed when there are only high influx of tourist, which can lead to high rates of unemployment, furthermore, jobs involved in the tourism industry are seasonal and not well paid, this can be very dangerous for countries that has full become dependent on tourism as their main source of revenue. Infrastructure and incidental cost, this situation could occur when there is record or receipt of high level of damage on infrastructures than the amount earn from tourist visits Economic dependence, if Malacca eventually solely dependent on tourism may pose danger to their economy, this can cause the tourism sector to change overnight because of the natural disaster, terrorism, changing consumer taste and economic recession in the source of the country

As Malacca had gained a world heritage label in 2008, it had brought certain advantages or significant on Malacca Economic, state development, communities, social, education and site owners. For examples, there will be new business opportunities generated for a host, not least deriving from the prestigious Heritage listing. A wider development of a creative economy in Malacca is to be linked, as well as to cleaner, safer, more positive civic environment through commitment to a decent management plan. The plans like increased local, federal and international project funding access will be organized. An increase in tourist arrivals wills again leading to greater business opportunities and turnover. Cultural tourists are known to stay longer and spend more. Potential for investment in local artisans and craftspeople, with subsidies, training and identification of new commercial opportunities will be organized. The continuation of other development and business activities. Greater economic returns through appreciation in value and improve documentation of city and state.

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

Some people believe that tourism helps create a greater awareness and appreciation for the need to preserve the environment to capture its natural beauty for tourist purposes, and increase investments in the environmental infrastructure of the host country. Air pollution is primarily a result of emissions from vehicles and airplanes. In rural areas, air pollution due to tourism is minimal, but in congested areas, emissions harm vegetation, soil, and visibility. Water resources are a prime attraction for tourism and recreational developments, and they frequently suffer negative impacts.

The tourism industry produces large quantities of waste products. Hotels, airlines, attractions and other related businesses that serve tourists throw away tons of garbage a year. Visitor exhibited environmental concerns at the tourist surroundings. Memorable tourist and cultural heritage experiences were sought by these tourists. Heritage visitors were classified into memorable tourism experience seeker, cultural significant, responsible, willingness to pay and green tourist.

The future of Malacca’s tourism industry is well foretells with the World Heritage listing. This will bring in new business opportunities idle domestic or international and wishing the forwardness of cultural infrastructures. However, tourism can be a double-edged sword. It is critical to surveillance and minimize the negative impress of tourism, assuring against inverts of destiny (tourism industry unstably influenced by perishes and fuel prices) or over-success- in case fast gentrification, hovering asset prices and living costs compel the locals. Through the heritage trial design, the advantages of tourism could be promote for local communities and stakeholders by community groups, training and attaching them as administers, judge and retailers. A coordinated information platform could help to accelerate local initiatives such as cultural programs, home stays and small enterprises.

IMPACT OF TOURISM (JOHOR )

Johor, the southernmost state of Peninsular Malaysia, is made up of eight districts comprising Johor Bahru, Pontian, Batu Pahat, Muar, Mersing, Kota Tinggi, Kluang and Segamat. It has a long coastline flanking the Straits of Malacca on its western seaboard and the South China Sea on the east.

Its capital city, Johor Bahru, or “JB” as it is popularly known, is the main administrative centre for the state government and a bustling commercial hub. This southernmost Malaysian city sits right next to the national boundary between Malaysia and Singapore where they are connected via the Causeway. Thirty kilometres southwest of Johor Bahru is the Second Link which connects Tanjung Kupang to Tuas in Singapore. Located within the district are the Sultan Ismail International Airport, Johor Causeway, Second Link and the Johor Bahru International Ferry Terminal.

Johor’s vast landscape is characterized by plantations of pineapple, rubber, coconut and oil palm on the fringes of which also nestle tranquil kampungs and quaint fishing villages. Retaining much of its natural splendours, the state has miles of golden sandy beaches and beautiful offshore islands with clear waters which are excellent for diving. It is also endowed with several forest reserves. Nature lovers will find a visit to the Endau-Rompin National Park an unforgettable experience. Johor also boasts some of the best golf courses in the country.

A land of diverse and distinct cultures, its population comprises mainly Malays, Chinese and Indians and cultural expressions can take many forms such as dresses, customs, beliefs, ceremonies, celebrations, dances, games and past times.

One of the know region in Johor is Iskandar. Iskandar Malaysia formerly known as Iskandar Development Region (IDR) (Malay: Wilayah Pembangunan Iskandar and South Johor Economic Region (SJER) is the main southern development corridor in Johor, Malaysia. The Iskandar Malaysia was established on 8 November 2006.The project is administered by Iskandar Regional Development Authority (IRDA) and was named after the late Sultan of Johor, Almarhum Sultan Iskandar.

The development region encompasses an area of 2,217 square kilometres covering the city of Johor Bahru and the adjoining towns of Pontian, Senai, Pasir Gudang and the construction of a new administrative capital in Nusajaya. Johor Bahru District is included in its entirety, as are parts of the district of Pontian. Five local government authorities have jurisdiction over the covered area, including Majlis Bandaraya Johor Bahru (Johor Bahru City Council), Majlis Perbandaran Johor Bahru Tengah (Johor Bahru Tengah Municipal Council), Majlis Perbandaran Pasir Gudang (Pasir Gudang Municipal Council), Majlis Perbandaran Kulai (Kulai Municipal Council), and Majlis Daerah Pontian (Pontian District Council).

ECONOMIC IMPACT

Tourism sectors are seen as the future economic drivers for Johor’s economy. Stating this Deputy Prime Minister Tan Sri Muhyiddin Yassin said that with the tourism lure such as the Pinewood Iskandar Malaysia Studios, Legoland and Hello Kitty Town theme parks, the sector has high potential for expansion.

Direct financial contributions

Tourism in Johor can contribute directly to the conservation of sensitive areas and habitat. Revenue from park-entrance fees and similar sources can be allocated specifically to pay for the protection and management of environmentally sensitive areas. Special fees for park operations or conservation activities can be collected from tourists or tour operators.

Contributions to government revenues

Johor governments collect money in more far-reaching and indirect ways that are not linked to specific parks or conservation areas. User fees, income taxes, taxes on sales or rental of recreation equipment, and license fees for activities such as hunting and fishing can provide the governments with the funds needed to manage natural resources. Such funds can be used for overall conservation programs and activities, such as park ranger salaries and park maintenance.

ENVIROMENTAL IMPACT

Improved environmental management and planning

Sound environmental management of tourism facilities and especially hotels in Johor can increase the benefits to natural areas. But this requires careful planning for controlled development, based on analysis of the environmental resources of the area. Planning is helps to make choices between conflicting uses, or to find ways to make them compatible. By planning early for tourism development, damaging and expensive mistakes can be prevented, avoiding the gradual deterioration of environmental assets significant to tourism.

Cleaner production techniques can be important tools for planning and operating tourism facilities in a way that minimizes their environmental impacts. For example, green building (using energy-efficient and non-polluting construction materials, sewage systems and energy sources) is an increasingly important way for the tourism industry to decrease its impact on the environment. And because waste treatment and disposal are often major, long-term environmental problems in the tourism industry, pollution prevention and waste minimization techniques are especially important for the tourism industry.

Protection and preservation

Tourism can significantly contribute to Johor environmental protection, conservation and restoration of biological diversity and sustainable use of natural resources. Because of their attractiveness, pristine sites and natural areas are identified as valuable and the need to keep the attraction alive can lead to creation of national parks and wildlife parks.

Tourism has had a positive effect on wildlife preservation and protection efforts. Numerous animal and plant species have already become extinct or may become extinct soon. Many countries have therefore established wildlife reserves and enacted strict laws protecting the animals that draw nature-loving tourists. As a result of these measures, several endangered species have begun to thrive again. This does include Johor.

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